Аннотация
Послеоперационный делирий (ПД) – грозное осложнение у кардиохирургических больных. ПД приводит к развитию длительных когнитивных нарушений, деменции, повышает издержки медицинских учреждений при продленном нахождении больных на искусственной вентиляции легких и в ОРИТ, таким образом, становясь важной социоэкономической проблемой в современном мире. В последние несколько лет в протоколы лечения и профилактики делирия стали чаще включать дексмедетомидин – высокоселективный агонист α2-адренорецепторов. Большое количество исследований и метаанализов показали его эффективность, что позволило считать дексмедетомидин препаратом выбора на некоторое время. Однако ряд публикаций поставили под сомнение подобное устоявшееся мнение. В настоящей работе представлены мнения и сторонников, и противников применения дексмедетомидина.
Литература
- Zampino R., Iossa D., Ursi M.P. Prognostic value of proadrenomedullin and copeptin in acute infective endocarditis. BMC Infect. Dis. 2021; 21: 23. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05655-7
- Witlox J., Eurelings L.S., de Jonghe J.F., Kalisvaart K.J., Eikelenboom P., van Gool W.A. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010; 304 (4): 443–51. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1013
- Heymann A., Radtke F., Schiemann A., Lütz A., MacGuill M., Wernecke K.D., Spies C. Delayed treatment of delirium increases mortality rate in intensive care unit patients. J. Int. Med. Res. 2010; 38 (5): 1584–95. DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800503
- Lundström M., Edlund A., Bucht G., Karlsson S., Gustafson Y. Dementia after delirium in patients with femoral neck fractures. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2003; 51 (7): 1002–6. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51315.x
- Marcantonio E.R. Postoperative delirium: a 76-year-old woman with delirium following surgery. JAMA. 2012; 308 (1): 73–81. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.6857
- Do T.D., Lemogne C., Journois D., Safran D., Consoli S.M. Low social support is associated with an increased risk of postoperative delirium. J. Clin. Anesth. 2012; 24 (2): 126–32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.07.002. Epub 2012 Feb 1.
- Bickel H., Gradinger R., Kochs E., Förstl H. High risk of cognitive and functional decline after postoperative delirium. A three-year prospective study. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2008; 26 (1): 26–31. DOI: 10.1159/000140804. Epub 2008 Jun 24.
- Aldecoa C., Bettelli G., Bilotta F., Sanders R.D., Audisio R., Borozdina A. et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 2017; 34 (4): 192–214. DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000594. Erratum in: Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 2018; 35 (9): 718–9.
- Brown C.H. Delirium in the cardiac surgical ICU. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol. 2014; 27 (2): 117–22. DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000061
- Marcantonio E.R. Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017; 377 (15): 1456–66. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1605501
- Xará D., Silva A., Mendonça J., Abelha F. Inadequate emergence after anesthesia: emergence delirium and hypoactive emergence in the Postanesthesia Care Unit. J. Clin. Anesth. 2013; 25 (6): 439–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2013.02.011. Epub 2013 Aug 17.
- Robinson T.N., Raeburn C.D., Tran Z.V., Brenner L.A., Moss M. Motor subtypes of postoperative delirium in older adults. Arch. Surg. 2011; 146 (3): 295–300. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.2011.14
- Meagher D., Moran M., Raju B., Leonard M., Donnelly S., Saunders J., Trzepacz P. A new data-based motor subtype schema for delirium. J. Neuropsych. Clin. Neurosci. 2008; 20 (2): 185–93. DOI: 10.1176/jnp.2008.20.2.185
- Inouye S.K., Westendorp R.G., Saczynski J.S. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014; 383 (9920): 911–22. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60688-1. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
- American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Post-operative Delirium in Older Adults. Postoperative delirium in older adults: best practice statement from the American Geriatrics Society. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2015; 220 (2): 136–48.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.10.019. Epub 2014 Nov 14.
- Krzych Ł.J., Wybraniec M.T., Krupka-Matuszczyk I., Skrzypek M., Bolkowska A., Wilczyński M., Bochenek A.A. Complex assessment of the incidence and risk factors of delirium in a large cohort of cardiac surgery patients: a single-center 6-year experience. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013; 2013: 835850. DOI: 10.1155/2013/835850. Epub 2013 Dec 22.
- Maust D.T., Kim H.M., Seyfried L.S., Chiang C., Kavanagh J., Schneider L.S., Kales H.C. Antipsychotics, other psychotropics, and the risk of death in patients with dementia: number needed to harm. JAMA Psych. 2015; 72 (5): 438–45. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3018
- Hirsch J., DePalma G., Tsai T.T., Sands L.P., Leung J.M. Impact of intraoperative hypotension and blood pressure fluctuations on early postoperative delirium after noncardiac surgery. Br. J. Anaesth. 2015; 115 (3): 418–26. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu458. Epub 2015 Jan 23.
- Gosselt A.N., Slooter A.J., Boere P.R., Zaal I.J. Risk factors for delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Crit. Care. 2015; 19 (1): 346. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1060-0
- Zhang W.Y., Wu W.L., Gu J.J., Sun Y., Ye X.F., Qiu W.J. et al. Risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting: A prospective cohort study. J. Crit. Care. 2015; 30 (3): 606–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
- Chalmers L.A., Searle S.D., Whitby J., Tsui A., Davis D. Do specific delirium aetiologies have different associations with death? A longitudinal cohort of hospitalised patients. Eur. Geriatr. Med. 2021; 12 (4): 787–91. DOI: 10.1007/s41999-021-00474-8. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
- Miranda F., Arevalo-Rodriguez I., Díaz G., Gonzalez F., Plana M.N., Zamora J. et al. Confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) for the diagnosis of delirium in adults in critical care settings. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018; 2018 (9): CD013126. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013126
- Collinsworth A.W., Priest E.L., Campbell C.R., Vasilevskis E.E., Masica A.L. A review of multifaceted care approaches for the prevention and mitigation of delirium in intensive care units. J. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 31 (2): 127–41. DOI: 10.1177/0885066614553925. Epub 2014 Oct 27.
- Marra A., Pandharipande P.P., Patel M.B. Intensive care unit delirium and intensive care unit-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Surg. Clin. North. Am. 2017; 97 (6): 1215–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2017.07.008. Epub 2017 Oct 5.
- Barnes-Daly M.A., Phillips G., Ely E.W. Improving hospital survival and reducing brain dysfunction at seven california community hospitals: implementing PAD guidelines via the ABCDEF bundle in 6,064 patients. Crit. Care Med. 2017; 45 (2): 171–8. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002149
- Trogrlić Z., van der Jagt M., Bakker J., Balas M.C., Ely E.W., van der Voort P.H., Ista E. A systematic review of implementation strategies for assessment, prevention, and management of ICU delirium and their effect on clinical outcomes. Crit. Care. 2015; 19 (1): 157. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0886-9
- Panitchote A., Tangvoraphonkchai K., Suebsoh N., Eamma W., Chanthonglarng B., Tiamkao S., Limpawattana P. Under-recognition of delirium in older adults by nurses in the intensive care unit setting. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2015; 27 (5): 735–40. DOI: 10.1007/s40520- 015-0323-6. Epub 2015 Feb 12.
- Ely E.W., Margolin R., Francis J., May L., Truman B., Dittus R. et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit. Care Med. 2001; 29 (7): 1370–9. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00012
- Ely E.W. Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). The complete training manual. Nashville: Vanderbilt University; 2016: 1–32.
- Wu M., Liang Y., Dai Z., Wang S. Perioperative dexmedetomidine reduces delirium after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Anesth. 2018; 50: 33–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018. 06.045. Epub 2018 Jun 27.
- Peng K., Ji F.H., Liu H.Y., Zhang J., Chen Q.C., Jiang Y.H. Effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative mortality and morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Ther. 2019; 41 (1): 138–54.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.10.022. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
- Abowali H.A., Paganini M., Enten G., Elbadawi A., Camporesi E.M. Critical review and meta-analysis of postoperative sedation after adult cardiac surgery: Dexmedetomidine versus propofol. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2021; 35 (4): 1134–42. DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca. 2020.10.022. Epub 2020 Oct 17.
- Шевченко Ю.Л., Гороховатский Ю.И., Замятин М.Н., Седракян А.Р., Вахляев А.В., Борщев Г.Г. Фармакологическая профилактика делирия в кардиохирургии. Вестник хирургии имени И.И. Грекова. 2018; 177 (6): 54–8. DOI: 10.24884/0042-4625-2018-177-6- 54-
- Liu X., Xie G., Zhang K., Song S., Song F., Jin Y., Fang X. Dexmedetomidine vs propofol sedation reduces delirium in patients after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Crit. Care. 2017; 38: 190–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc. 2016.10.026. Epub 2016 Nov 11.
- Subramaniam B., Shankar P., Shaefi S., Mueller A., O'Gara B., Banner-Goodspeed V. et al. Effect of intravenous acetaminophen vs placebo combined with propofol or dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium among older patients following cardiac surgery: The DEXACET Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019; 321 (7): 686–96. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.0234. Erratum in: JAMA. 2019; 322 (3): 276.
- Venn R.M., Bradshaw C.J., Spencer R., Brealey D., Caudwell E., Naughton C. et al. Preliminary UK experience of dexmedetomidine, a novel agent for postoperative sedation in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia. 1999; 54 (12): 1136–42. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.01114.x
- Turan A., Duncan A., Leung S., Karimi N., Fang J., Mao G. et al.; DECADE Study Group. Dexmedetomidine for reduction of atrial fibrillation and delirium after cardiac surgery (DECADE): a randomised placebocontrolled trial. Lancet. 2020; 396 (10245): 177–85. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30631-0
- Gertler R., Brown H.C., Mitchell D.H., Silvius E.N. Dexmedetomidine: a novel sedative-analgesic agent. Proc. (Bayl Univ. Med. Cent.). 2001; 14 (1): 13–21. DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2001.11927725
- Bhana N., Goa K.L., McClellan K.J. Dexmedetomidine. Drugs. 2000; 59 (2): 263–8; disc. 269–70. DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200059020-00012
- Guo T.Z., Jiang J.Y., Buttermann A.E., Maze M. Dexmedetomidine injection into the locus ceruleus produces antinociception. Anesthesiology. 1996; 84 (4): 873–81. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199604000-00015
- Brown E.N., Lydic R., Schiff N.D. General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (27): 2638–50. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281
- Nelson L.E., Lu J., Guo T., Saper C.B., Franks N.P., Maze M. The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects. Anesthesiology. 2003; 98 (2): 428–36. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200302000-00024
- Djaiani G., Silverton N., Fedorko L., Carroll J., Styra R., Rao V., Katznelson R. Dexmedetomidine versus propofol sedation reduces delirium after cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2016; 124 (2): 362–8. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000951
- Ji F., Li Z., Nguyen H., Young N., Shi P., Fleming N., Liu H. Perioperative dexmedetomidine improves outcomes of cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2013; 127 (15): 1576–84. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112. 000936. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
- Wang G., Niu J., Li Z., Lv H., Cai H. The efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018; 13 (9): e0202620. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0202620
- Еременко А.А., Чернова Е.В. Лечение делирия в раннем послеоперационном периоде у кардиохирургических пациентов. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2014; 3: 30–4.
- Еременко А.А., Чернова Е.В. Применение дексмедетомидина для внутривенной седации и лечения делирия в раннем послеоперационном периоде у кардиохирургических пациентов. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2013; 5: 4–7.
- Никода В.В., Грицан А.И., Еременко А.А., Заболотских И.Б., Киров М.Ю., Лебединский К.М., Левит А.Л. Эффективность и безопасность применения дексмедетомидина для седации пациентов при проведении продленной ИВЛ в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2015; 5: 47–53.
- Shi C., Jin J., Qiao L., Li T., Ma J., Ma Z. Effect of perioperative administration of dexmedetomidine on delirium after cardiac surgery in elderly patients: a doubleblinded, multi-center, randomized study. Clin. Interv. Aging. 2019; 14: 571–5. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S194476
- Azeem T.M.A., Yosif N.E., Alansary A.M., Esmat I.M., Mohamed A.K. Dexmedetomidine vs morphine and midazolam in the prevention and treatment of delirium after adult cardiac surgery; a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Saudi J. Anaesth. 2018; 12 (2): 190–7. DOI: 10.4103/sja.SJA_303_17
- Lin C., Tu H., Jie Z., Zhou X., Li C. Effect of dexmedetomidine on delirium in elderly surgical patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann. Pharmacother. 2021; 55 (5): 624–36. DOI: 10.1177/1060028020951954. Epub 2020 Sep 4.
Об авторах
- Диасамидзе Кахабер Энверович, д-р мед. наук, вед. науч. сотр.; ORCID
- Мишин Георгий Максимович, врач – анестезиолог-реаниматолог; ORCID
- Читорелидзе Мариам Аполлоновна, врач – анестезиолог-реаниматолог; ORCID
- Казаков Даниил Сергеевич, врач-ординатор; ORCID